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Defections

Members drifting from their group: we split the last 36 roll-call votes into an earlier and a later half and compare each member's loyalty to their group's majority across the two. How this is measured.

Loyalty = 1 − the rate of voting against your group's for/against majority. The delta is later-half loyalty minus earlier-half loyalty (in percentage points). Members in no political group, and those with fewer than 5 comparable votes in either half, are excluded. Data via the European Parliament Open Data Portal and HowTheyVote.eu.